List of Studies References on Preservatives

List of Studies References on Preservatives

StudiesReferences:

Graefes Archive for Clinical Experimental Ophthalmology. 2006 Aug 10; Comparative study of topical anti-allergic eye drops on human conjunctiva-derived cells: responses to histamine and IFNgamma and toxicological profiles. Pauly A, Brignole-Baudouin F, Guenoun JM, Riancho L, Rat P, Warnet JM, Baudouin C. U598, INSERM, Cordeliers Biomedical Institute, 15 rue de l'ecole de medecine, 75006, Paris, France.

Prevalence of ocular symptoms and signs with preserved and preservative free glaucoma medication. Pisella PJ, Pouliquen P, Baudouin C.APHP Ambroise Pare Hospital, University Paris V, Ophthalmology Department, 9, avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne, France.

A comparative study of the ocular tolerance after administration of anti-allergic eye drops with or without a preservative [Article in French] Beden C, Helleboid L, Marmouz F, Liard F. Societe Naxis, Lyon, France.

Comparison of the Short-Term Effects on the Human Corneal Surface of Topical Timolol Maleate With and Without Benzalkonium Chloride. Journal of Glaucoma. 12(6):486-490, December 2003. Ishibashi, Takeshi MD; Yokoi, Norihiko MD, PhD; Kinoshita, Shigeru MD, PhD.

Effect of benzalkonium chloride on the stability of the precorneal tear film in rabbit and man. WS Wilson, AJ Duncan and JL Jay. 1975 by the British Journal of Ophthalmology.

Preservative-free artificial tear preparations. Assessment of corneal epithelial toxic effects . G. J. Berdy, M. B. Abelson, L. M. Smith and M. A. George. Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston.

Corneal toxicity secondary to inadvertent use of benzalkonium chloride preserved viscoelastic material in cataract surgery. Eleftheriadis et al. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2002;86:299-305.

Allergy and preservatives. Apropos of 3 cases of allergy to benzalkonium chloride Chiambaretta F, Pouliquen P, Rigal D. Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hopital Gabriel-Montpied, CHRU, Clermont-Ferrand: J Fr Ophtalmol. 1997;20(1):8-16

Solving the Preservative Paradox. Better packaging for nonpreserved tears is the answer. BY HERBERT L. GOULD M.D., F.A.C.S.

Prevalence of ocular symptoms and signs with preserved and preservative free glaucoma medication.P J Pisella^1,2, P Pouliquen³ and C Baudouin^1,4 .¹ APHP Ambroise Paré Hospital, University Paris V, Ophthalmology Department, 9, avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne, France. ² Bretonneau University Hospital, Ophthalmology Department, 2, boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours Cedex 1, France. ³ Théa Laboratories, 12, rue Louis-Blériot, - ZI du Brézet, 63017 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex 2, France,⁴ XV-XX National Hospital, University Paris V, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France

Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:39-42 ( January )Short term comparative study of topical 2% carteolol with and without benzalkonium chloride in healthy volunteers Christophe Baudouin,^a Christine de Lunardo^b Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:39-42 ( January )

Short term comparative study of topical 2% carteolol with and without benzalkonium chloride in healthy volunteers. Christophe Baudouin,^a Christine de Lunardo^b ^a Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré, University of Paris-V René Descartes, France, ^b Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Pasteur Hospital, University of Nice, France^a Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré, University of Paris-V René Descartes, France, ^b Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Pasteur Hospital, University of Nice, France

Quaternary Ammoniums and Other Preservatives’ Contribution in Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis on Chang Conjunctival Cells Caroline Debbasch^1,2, Françoise Brignole³, Pierre-Jean Pisella^1,2, Jean-Michel Warnet¹, Patrice Rat¹ and Christophe Baudouin² ¹ From the Unit of Cellular Pharmacotoxicology, Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, the Toxicology Laboratory, University of Paris-V; and the² Ophthalmology and³ Immunohematology Services, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris-V, Boulogne, France.

Impact of short-term exposure of commercial eyedrops preserved with benzalkonium chloride on precorneal mucin, So-Hyang Chung,1 Su Kyung Lee,1 Stephen M. Cristol,2 Eun Suk Lee,3 Dong Wook Lee,4 Kyoung Yul Seo,1 Eung Kweon Kim1,5.

Cha SH, Lee JS, Oum BS, Kim CD. Corneal epithelial cellular dysfunction from benzalkonium chloride (BAC) in vitro. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2004;32(2):180-4.

RegeneRx's TB4 Subject of Four Presentations at 2005 ARVO Meeting; Researchers Present New Data Indicating TB4 May Reduce Deleterious Effects Associated with Chronic Use of Eye Drops, Business Wire, May 2, 2005.

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2006 Jul; 47(7):2812-9. Fluoroquinolone eye drop-induced cytotoxicity: role of preservative in P2X7 cell death receptor activation and apoptosis.* Dutot M,* Pouzaud F, * Larosche I,* Brignole-Baudouin F,* Warnet JM,* Rat P.Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Rene Descartes-Paris, and Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France.

Studies References Beyond Ocular Issues:

Call for worldwide withdrawal of benzalkonium chloride from nebulizer solutions. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 107, Issue 2, Pages 222-223 R. Beasley

Benzalkonium chloride in a decongestant nasal spray aggravates rhinitis medicamentosa in healthy volunteers. Clin Exp Allergy.1995; 25:957-965
"Benzalkonium chloride induces mucosal swelling, which explains why the presence of this preservative in a decongestant spray aggravates nasal/sinus symptoms"

Effects of topical nasal steroids on human respiratory mucosa and human granulocytes in vitro. Steinsv¡ag S. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh), 116(6):868-75 1996
"It is concluded that benzalkonium chloride has toxic effects on human respiratory mucosa and human neutrophils in vitro."

Effect of topical corticosteroids and topical antihistaminics on ciliary epithelium of human nasal mucosa in vitro. Hofmann T. HNO, 46(2):146-51 1998 Feb
"An irreversible cessation of ciliary movement was observed in all cells exposed to nasal sprays containing benzalconium chloride....." "we recommend that this preservative should not be used anymore in topical nasal medications."

The effects of topical nasal steroids on rat respiratory mucosa in vivo, with special reference to benzalkonium chloride. Berg OH. Allergy, 52(6):627-32 1997 Jun
"In conclusion, benzalkonium chloride appears to be potentially toxic to the nasal mucosa."

This is what we call the 'Preservative Paradox!

Preserve our Eyes, not our Drops!